Mg And O Chemical Formula

Chemic compound naturally occurring as periclase

Magnesium oxide

Names
IUPAC name Magnesium oxide
Other names Magnesia Periclase
Identifiers
CAS Number	1309-48-iv Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200572 Y
ChemSpider	14108
ECHA InfoCard	100.013.793
EC Number	215-171-9
E number	E530 (acerbity regulators, ...)
KEGG	D01167
PubChem CID	14792
RTECS number	OM3850000
UNII	3A3U0GI71G Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID9049665
InChI InChI=1S/Mg.O Fundamental: CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES O=[Mg]
Backdrop
Chemic formula	MgO
Molar mass	40.304 1000/mol[1]
Appearance	White pulverization
Odor	Odorless
Density	3.half dozen g/cm3 [1]
Melting betoken	2,852 °C (5,166 °F; 3,125 K)[one]
Humid indicate	3,600 °C (6,510 °F; three,870 K)[1]
Solubility	Soluble in acid, ammonia insoluble in alcohol
Electrical resistivity	Dielectric[a]
Band gap	7.8 eV[2]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−10.2·ten−half dozen cmiii/mol[3]
Thermal conductivity	45–60 West·chiliad−1·K−1 [4]
Refractive index (n D)	1.7355
Dipole moment	6.2 ± 0.6 D
Structure
Crystal structure	Halite (cubic), cF8
Space group	Fm3thou, No. 225
Lattice constant	a = 4.212Å
Coordination geometry	Octahedral (Mg2+); octahedral (O2−)
Thermochemistry
Oestrus chapters (C)	37.2 J/mol K[eight]
Std molar entropy (S ⦵ 298)	26.95 ± 0.15 J·mol−1·K−ane [9]
Std enthalpy of formation (Δf H ⦵ 298)	−601.vi ± 0.3 kJ·mol−one [9]
Gibbs complimentary energy (Δf Thou ⦵)	-569.3 kJ/mol[8]
Pharmacology
ATC code	A02AA02 (WHO) A06AD02 (WHO), A12CC10 (WHO)
Hazards
Occupational safe and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Metal fume fever, Irritant
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Bespeak word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H319, H335
Precautionary statements	P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 0 0
Flash point	Non-combustible
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA xv mg/mthree (smoke)[ten]
REL (Recommended)	None designated[10]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	750 mg/m3 (fume)[10]
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 0504
Related compounds
Other anions	Magnesium sulfide
Other cations	Beryllium oxide Calcium oxide Strontium oxide Barium oxide
Related compounds	Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium nitride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Nverify (what is Y Due north  ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mgⁱⁱ⁺ ions and O²⁻ ions held together by ionic bonding. Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H₂O → Mg(OH)_two), but it can exist reversed by heating it to remove moisture.

Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Magnesia), to differentiate it from magnesia negra, a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.

[edit]

While "magnesium oxide" normally refers to MgO, magnesium peroxide MgO₂ is also known as a compound. Co-ordinate to evolutionary crystal structure prediction,^[11] MgO₂ is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 116 GPa (gigapascals), and a semiconducting suboxide Mg₃O₂ is thermodynamically stable above 500 GPa. Because of its stability, MgO is used as a model system for investigating vibrational backdrop of crystals.^[12]

Electrical properties [edit]

Pure MgO is non conductive and has a high resistance to electric current at room temperature. The pure powder of MgO has a relative permettivity inbetween 3.2 to 9.ix ${\displaystyle k}$ with an approximate dielectric loss of tan(δ) > 2.16x10³ at 1kHz.^{[5] [6] [7]}

Product [edit]

Magnesium oxide is produced past the calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. The latter is obtained past the treatment of magnesium chloride MgCl
₂ solutions, typically seawater, with limewater or milk of lime.^[thirteen]

Mg²⁺ + Ca(OH)₂ → Mg(OH)₂ + Ca²⁺

Calcining at different temperatures produces magnesium oxide of different reactivity. Loftier temperatures 1500 – 2000 °C diminish the bachelor surface area and produces dead-burned (often called expressionless burnt) magnesia, an unreactive grade used every bit a refractory. Calcining temperatures thou – 1500 °C produce hard-burned magnesia, which has limited reactivity and calcining at lower temperature, (700–grand °C) produces low-cal-burned magnesia, a reactive form, also known as caustic calcined magnesia. Although some decomposition of the carbonate to oxide occurs at temperatures below 700 °C, the resulting materials appears to reabsorb carbon dioxide from the air.^[14]

Applications [edit]

Heating elements [edit]

MgO is prized as a refractory textile, i.due east. a solid that is physically and chemically stable at loftier temperatures. Information technology has 2 useful attributes: loftier thermal conductivity and low electrical conductivity. Filling the spiral Calrod range top heating elements on kitchen electrical stoves is a major utilise. "Past far the largest consumer of magnesia worldwide is the refractory industry, which consumed near 56% of the magnesia in the United States in 2004, the remaining 44% being used in agronomical, chemical, construction, environmental, and other industrial applications." MgO is used as a basic refractory material for crucibles.^[xv]

Fireproofing [edit]

Information technology is a principal fireproofing ingredient in construction materials. As a construction material, magnesium oxide wallboards take several attractive characteristics: fire resistance, termite resistance, moisture resistance, mold and mildew resistance, and strength.^{[sixteen] [xv]}

Gas Mantles [edit]

Most Gas Mantles apply Magnesium Oxide. Early Iterations such as the Clamond basket used just this. Later versions use ~60% Magnesium oxide, with other components such as Lanthanum oxide or Yttrium oxide making up the rest. Another exception would be Thoriated gas mantles.

Niche uses [edit]

MgO is one of the components in Portland cement in dry out process plants.

Magnesium oxide is used extensively in the soil and groundwater remediation, wastewater handling, drinking water treatment, air emissions treatment, and waste matter handling industries for its acid buffering capacity and related effectiveness in stabilizing dissolved heavy metal species.^{[ according to whom? ]}

Many heavy metals species, such as lead and cadmium are almost soluble in water at acidic pH (below 6) too equally loftier pH (in a higher place 11). Solubility of metals affects bioavailability of the species and mobility soil and groundwater systems. Most metal species are toxic to humans at certain concentrations, therefore it is imperative to minimize metal bioavailability and mobility.

Granular MgO is often blended into metals-contaminated soil or waste product, which is also commonly of a low pH (acidic), in social club to drive the pH into the viii–10 range where most metals are at their lowest solubilities (bones). Metal-hydroxide complexes have a trend to precipitate out of aqueous solution in the pH range of viii–10. MgO is widely regarded every bit the nigh effective metals stabilization compound when compared to Portland cement, lime, kiln grit products, power generation waste products, and various proprietary products due to MgO's superior buffering capacity, cost effectiveness, and ease/safety of handling.

Most, if non all products that are marketed every bit metals stabilization technologies create very high pH conditions in aquifers whereas MgO creates an platonic aquifer condition with a pH of 8–10. Additionally, magnesium, an essential element to most biological systems, is provided to soil and groundwater microbial populations during MgO-assisted metals remediation equally an added benefit.

Medical [edit]

Magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and dyspepsia, every bit an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a short-term laxative. It is also used to improve symptoms of indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may include nausea and cramping.^[17] In quantities sufficient to obtain a laxative result, side effects of long-term use include enteroliths resulting in bowel obstruction.^[18]

Other [edit]

• As a nutrient additive, it is used equally an anticaking agent. It is known to the United states of america Nutrient and Drug Administration for cacao products; canned peas; and frozen dessert.^[nineteen] It has an E number of E530.
• It was historically used every bit a reference white colour in colorimetry, owing to its good diffusing and reflectivity backdrop.^[20] It may be smoked onto the surface of an opaque fabric to form an integrating sphere.
• Information technology is used extensively equally an electrical insulator in tubular construction heating elements. At that place are several mesh sizes available and most commonly used ones are forty and eighty mesh per the American Foundry Society. The extensive employ is due to its loftier dielectric forcefulness and average thermal conductivity. MgO is usually crushed and compacted with minimal airgaps or voids. The electrical heating manufacture too experimented with aluminium oxide, but it is non used anymore.
• Every bit a reagent in the installation of the carboxybenzyl (Cbz) group using benzyl chloroformate in EtOAc for the North-protection of amines and amides.^[21]
• It is also used as an insulator in heat-resistant electric cable.
• MgO doping has been shown to effectively inhibit grain growth in ceramics and improve their fracture toughness by transforming^{[ description needed ]} the mechanism of crack growth at nanoscale.^[22]

• Pressed MgO is used every bit an optical cloth. It is transparent from 0.3 to vii μm. The refractive index is 1.72 at 1 μm and the Abbe number is 53.58. It is sometimes known by the Eastman Kodak trademarked proper name Irtran-5, although this designation is obsolete. Crystalline pure MgO is available commercially and has a pocket-sized apply in infrared optics.^[23]
• MgO is packed in bags around transuranic waste material in the disposal cells (panels) at the Waste material Isolation Pilot Plant, equally a CO₂ getter to minimize the complexation of uranium and other actinides by carbonate ions and and then to limit the solubility of radionuclides. The use of MgO is preferred to this of CaO as the resulting hydration product (Mg(OH)
  ₂ ) is less soluble and releases less hydration heat. Another advantage is to impose a lower pH value of ~ 10.v in case of adventitious water ingress in the dry salt layers while the more soluble Ca(OH)
  ₂ would create a higher pH of 12.5 (strongly alkaline conditions). The Mg ²⁺
  cation being the 2d near abundant cation in seawater and in rocksalt, the potential release of magnesium ions dissolving in brines intruding the deep geological repository is also expected to minimize the geochemical perturbations.^[24]
• MgO has an important place as a commercial found fertilizer ^[25] and equally animal feed.^[26]
• An aerosolized solution of MgO is used in library science and collections direction for the deacidification of at-risk paper items. In this process, the alkalinity of MgO (and like compounds) neutralizes the relatively high acidity characteristic of low-quality paper, thus slowing the charge per unit of deterioration.^[27]
• MgO is also used as a protective coating in plasma displays.
• Magnesium oxide is used as an oxide barrier in spin-tunneling devices. Owing to the crystalline structure of its sparse films, which can be deposited by magnetron sputtering, for example, it shows characteristics superior to those of the commonly used amorphous Al_twoO₃. In particular, spin polarization of near 85% has been accomplished with MgO^[28] versus xl–sixty % with aluminium oxide.^[29] The value of tunnel magnetoresistance is also significantly higher for MgO (600% at room temperature and 1,100 % at 4.ii Thou^[30]) than Al₂O_iii (ca. 70% at room temperature^[31]).

Precautions [edit]

Inhalation of magnesium oxide fumes can cause metal smoke fever.^[32]

See also [edit]

• Calcium oxide
• Barium oxide
• Magnesium sulfide
• Reactive magnesia

Notes [edit]

1. ^ At room temperature.^{[5] [6] [7]}

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Haynes, William Thou., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. iv.74. ISBN1-4398-5511-0.
2. ^ Taurian, O.E.; Springborg, K.; Christensen, N.E. (1985). "Self-consistent electronic structures of MgO and SrO" (PDF). Solid State Communications. 55 (4): 351–five. Bibcode:1985SSCom..55..351T. doi:ten.1016/0038-1098(85)90622-2.
3. ^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.133. ISBNi-4398-5511-0.
4. ^ Application of magnesium compounds to insulating estrus-conductive fillers Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine. konoshima.co.jp
5. ^ ^{a b} A P, Johnson (November 1986). "Structural and electric properties of magnesium oxide powders". Durham University. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
6. ^ ^{a b} Subramanian, K. A.; Shannon, R. D.; Chai, B. H. T.; Abraham, M. Chiliad.; Wintersgill, M. C. (November 1989). "Dielectric constants of BeO, MgO, and CaO using the two-concluding method". Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. 16 (viii): 741–746. doi:10.1007/BF00209695. ISSN 0342-1791.
7. ^ ^{a b} Hornak, Jaroslav; Trnka, Pavel; Kadlec, Petr; Michal, Ondřej; Mentlík, Václav; Šutta, Pavol; Csányi, Gergely; Tamus, Zoltán (2018-05-30). "Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles: Dielectric Backdrop, Surface Functionalization and Comeback of Epoxy-Based Composites Insulating Properties". Nanomaterials. 8 (half-dozen): 381. doi:10.3390/nano8060381. ISSN 2079-4991. PMC6027305. PMID 29848967.
8. ^ ^{a b} Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 5.15. ISBN1-4398-5511-0.
9. ^ ^{a b} Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. v.two. ISBNi-4398-5511-0.
10. ^ ^{a b c} NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0374". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
11. ^ Zhu, Qiang; Oganov A.R.; Lyakhov A.O. (2013). "Novel stable compounds in the Mg-O system under high pressure" (PDF). Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 (20): 7696–7700. Bibcode:2013PCCP...15.7696Z. doi:10.1039/c3cp50678a. PMID 23595296.
12. ^ Mei, AB; O. Hellman; C. Thou. Schlepütz; A. Rockett; T.-C. Chiang; Fifty. Hultman; I. Petrov; J. E. Greene (2015). "Reflection Thermal Diffuse X-Ray Handful for Quantitative Determination of Phonon Dispersion Relations". Concrete Review B. 92 (17): 174301. Bibcode:2015PhRvB..92q4301M. doi:10.1103/physrevb.92.174301.
13. ^ Margarete Seeger; Walter Otto; Wilhelm Pic; Friedrich Bickelhaupt; Otto South. Akkerman. "Magnesium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:ten.1002/14356007.a15_595.pub2.
14. ^ Ropp, R C (2013-03-06). Encyclopedia of the alkaline metal globe compounds. Elsevier. p. 109. ISBN9780444595508.
15. ^ ^{a b} Marking A. Shand (2006). The chemistry and applied science of magnesia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN978-0-471-65603-6 . Retrieved 10 September 2011.
16. ^ Mármol, Gonzalo; Savastano, Holmer (July 2017). "Study of the degradation of not-conventional MgO-SiO 2 cement reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers". Cement and Concrete Composites. lxxx: 258–267. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.03.015.
17. ^ Magnesium Oxide. MedlinePlus. Last reviewed 02/01/2009
18. ^ Tatekawa Y, Nakatani Grand, Ishii H, et al. (1996). "Small-scale bowel obstruction caused by a medication bezoar: report of a example". Surgery Today. 26 (1): 68–70. doi:ten.1007/BF00311997. PMID 8680127. S2CID 24976010.
19. ^ "Chemical compound Summary for CID 14792 – Magnesium Oxide". PubChem.
20. ^ Tellex, Peter A.; Waldron, Jack R. (1955). "Reflectance of Magnesium Oxide". JOSA. 45 (ane): nineteen. doi:10.1364/JOSA.45.000019.
21. ^ Dymicky, M. (1989-02-01). "Preparation of Carbobenzoxy-L-Tyrosine Methyl and Ethyl Esters and of the Corresponding Carbobenzoxy Hydrazides". Organic Preparations and Procedures International. 21 (i): 83–90. doi:10.1080/00304948909356350. ISSN 0030-4948.
22. ^ Tan, C.Y.; Yaghoubi, A.; Ramesh, South.; Adzila, Southward.; Purbolaksono, J.; Hassan, M.A.; Kutty, M.G. (December 2013). "Sintering and mechanical properties of MgO-doped nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite" (PDF). Ceramics International. 39 (8): 8979–8983. doi:ten.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.098.
23. ^ Stephens, Robert E. & Malitson, Irving H. (1952). "Alphabetize of Refraction of Magnesium Oxide" (PDF). Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. 49 (4): 249–252. doi:10.6028/jres.049.025.
24. ^ wipp.energy.gov Step-By-Step Guide for Waste Handling at WIPP. Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. wipp.free energy.gov
25. ^ Nutrient Science. fertilizer101.org. Retrieved on 2017-04-26.
26. ^ Magnesium oxide for the Animal Feed Industry. lehvoss.de
27. ^ "Mass Deacidification: Saving the Written Discussion". Library of Congress . Retrieved 26 September 2011.
28. ^ Parkin, Due south. S. P.; Kaiser, C.; Panchula, A.; Rice, P. M.; Hughes, B.; Samant, M.; Yang, Southward. H. (2004). "Behemothic tunnelling magnetoresistance at room temperature with MgO (100) tunnel barriers". Nature Materials. 3 (12): 862–867. Bibcode:2004NatMa...three..862P. doi:ten.1038/nmat1256. PMID 15516928. S2CID 33709206.
29. ^ Monsma, D. J.; Parkin, S. S. P. (2000). "Spin polarization of tunneling current from ferromagnet/Al₂O_iii interfaces using copper-doped aluminum superconducting films". Applied Physics Messages. 77 (five): 720. Bibcode:2000ApPhL..77..720M. doi:10.1063/1.127097.
30. ^ Ikeda, S.; Hayakawa, J.; Ashizawa, Y.; Lee, Y. M.; Miura, K.; Hasegawa, H.; Tsunoda, M.; Matsukura, F.; Ohno, H. (2008). "Tunnel magnetoresistance of 604% at 300 1000 by suppression of Ta diffusion in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB pseudo-spin-valves annealed at loftier temperature". Applied Physics Messages. 93 (8): 082508. Bibcode:2008ApPhL..93h2508I. doi:10.1063/ane.2976435.
31. ^ Wang, D.; Nordman, C.; Daughton, J. M.; Qian, Z.; Fink, J.; Wang, D.; Nordman, C.; Daughton, J. M.; Qian, Z.; Fink, J. (2004). "lxx% TMR at Room Temperature for SDT Sandwich Junctions with CoFeB as Free and Reference Layers". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 40 (iv): 2269. Bibcode:2004ITM....40.2269W. CiteSeerXx.one.1.476.8544. doi:10.1109/TMAG.2004.830219. S2CID 20439632.
32. ^ Magnesium Oxide. National Pollutant Inventory, Regime of Australia.

External links [edit]

• Data page at UCL
• Ceramic information page at NIST
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards at CDC

Mg And O Chemical Formula,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_oxide

Posted by: morelandshrem1977.blogspot.com

Share this post